How to Curl Your Hair: A Step-by-Step Guide for Perfect Curls

Table Of Content

• Face-Framing Waves
• Pulled Over Long Curly Hair
• Twisted Updo
• Super Thick and Wavy
• These ’90s Tendrils for Long, Curly Hair

The more wraps you create around the wand without any overlaps, the more curls you’ll achieve. Give long hair a bouncy body boost with Wella Deluxe Dream Waves & Curls Mousse, which encourages curves while smoothing frizz and lending lustrous shine. Smooth through just-washed, damp hair from root to tip, then blow dry with the nozzle pointing down the hair shaft. Curly hair takes longer to grow out because the hair curves as it grows. When straight hair grows, the new length is quite visible since the hair is growing straight down.

Face-Framing Waves

Start developing the layers close to your shoulders area to avoid the full effect that the 3B curls can have. Accessorize the look with a jeans bandana that covers your top head. Whenever you want to brag about your long hair with perfect curls, use a long layered haircut to show off. Flip your bangs on one side and define each curl with foam.

Pulled Over Long Curly Hair

Lash-skimming bangs can be parted and worn as curtain bangs, allowing for two styles with one cut. You'll likely want to practice setting your hair in hot rollers before any big event to make sure you've got the technique down. Let the rollers sit in your hair for a minimum of 10 minutes—even longer if you have extra time. "It’s takes about 20 min for your cuticle to seal and help hold your style from heat, so applying rollers is key for getting memory to your style," says Cabbott. For even better results, curl your hair on the second or third day after shampooing. Dirty hair can hold a curl better than squeaky clean hair, and it'll save you a lot of prep time, too.

Twisted Updo

For women who have very long loose curls, layers that blend seamlessly are a perfect way to enhance the curl pattern while keeping the length. Haircuts for semi-curly hair utilize blended layering to help prevent wavy hair from being weighed down and losing its curl pattern. Long layers and beach curls are a great way to brighten your look year-round. When styling long blonde curls avoid heat as often as possible and when lightening the hair it’s always better to go low and slow to prevent damage to the curl pattern. V-shaped layered curls pair perfectly with wispy bangs to frame the face with a weightless, uplifting effect. To have massive volume around the face and bring out the desired facial features while establishing an oval face shape, v-cut long layered curly hair is a staple technique.

Medium-Length Waves

Big voluminous curls are a show stopper when accompanied by a great style and a layered haircut specifically for big curls. When creating layers for big curls, pay attention to the curl pattern and work with it rather than against it. Big curls make big volume and, when styled properly, can perfectly frame a face and draw the eyes in toward facial features you want to accentuate. Contrary to how sleek and polished this long, curly hairstyle looks, it’s actually pretty damn simple to recreate. Smooth back your roots with a rat-tail comb and a layer of edge control gel, securing your ponytail at the nape of your neck. Curly bronde hair is the latest trend and most requested style.

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Big Classic Double Buns

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If you’re trying to curl long hair, you’ll need to part it into four sections. Before blow-drying and to protect it from heat, I use this Biolage Blow-dry Glotion heat protectant. It’s non-sticky, leaves no residue or texture and will protect your hair from high heat damage. Long bangs and wispy layers throughout make longer lengths appear especially romantic. Worn wavy, this style will boast a wealth of touchable texture, while straight and glossy skews chic and sleek. Snipped to arc beneath the jawline, this take on long layers frames the face in a literal sense, combining the drama of a coiffed lob and the loose luxury of a longer cut.

Take your long natural curls to the next level with this hairstyle. All women with long hair can agree sometimes you just want to put your hair away from your face, and with this hairstyle, you can. Divide your curly hair into even halves and then put those in big, puffy buns on each side of your head and you’re done. This curly ponytail was a must-try long hairstyle for women back in the ’80s. You’ll have to put your hair up in a ponytail, but instead of having it completely straight at the top of your head, try tilting to one side, it’s literally that easy.

These ’90s Tendrils for Long, Curly Hair

The tool I use is the Beachwaver, which you’ve probably seen me demo on Instastories. I’ve had mine for YEARS (literally, since it first came out) and it’s my go-to for everyday. Audrina Patridge demonstrates that the quintessential early '00s straight bangs-meets-curly body style doesn't have to be dated.

And while we’re on the subject, can I add that there’s no such thing as too many hair accessories? Part your long curls right in the middle and double up on hair clips for a cute and easy look. Keep layers longer if you’re a friend of the ever-faithful messy bun or topknot. These springy curls were brought to life with layers and fresh color.

Remember how Jennifer Aniston's hair was so hot in the '90s? To get barely-there waves like Erin Heatherton, it's important to only create a few curls around the head. Too many, and you'll end up with a much more formal look, which may not be what you're going for. Ashley Benson's center part helps accentuate her gleaming highlights. Here, her hair is kept loose and wavy, with layers framing the face.

Excuse me, deep side part, where you swoop your curls all the way to one side. Volume is key with this look, so prep your hair with a lightweight mousse to really play it up. Let those ringlets run wild by accessorizing with just a few bobby pins. If you’ve got major volume, layering helps you avoid the dreaded triangle cut.

An elegant twisted half-up, half-down is perfect for a formal event like a prom or even a wedding. It retains a somewhat relaxed vibe on Jourdan Dunn thanks to face-framing pieces and a loose silhouette. So, keep on scrolling for 45 long, wavy hairstyles you'll want to try immediately. You can also opt for a wide-tooth comb or a paddle brush to create more volume.

Partially unraveled braids, as seen here on Gabrielle Union, are a unique way to create looser waves on natural curls. This braided take on the classic ballerina bun combines the colorful bobby pin idea from #2 with an updo. Whether or not you choose to braid the hair first or stick with a simple version of this style, Sango recommends using a hair donut to get the perfect shape. The wolf cut is bold by nature, but adding super-short, razor-cut sections throughout the topmost portion takes the style to another level. Invest in a texture spray, and if you plan to air-dry, commit to honoring the chaos rather than attempting to reign it in.

The type of curls you can achieve just by using a round brush and blow dryer is magical. Start by slowly brushing sections of hair while running your blowdryer over the section. When you get to the end of your section, twirl the brush to create a curl at the end.

Just do a reverse ponytail with the hair falling forward over the forehead instead of back towards the nape of the neck. You can also add a scarf or headband to make the pseudo-bangs appear more real. The styling opportunities for long hair are as endless as your strands, but it can be all too easy to get yourself into a messy-bun-and-go rut.

Yup, ’90s hairstyles are still going strong, and this cute updo for long curly hair is proof. Tie back half of your hair toward on the crown of your head, then leave a couple braided tendrils loose along your forehead. Make that super-rushed ponytail look totally intentional by finishing it off with a cute little bow.

Best Hair Curling Products for Straight Hair

Table Of Content

• #54: Luscious Curly Thick Locks
• #8: Long Layered Haircut for Highlighted Curls
• #33: Long-Length Haircut with Blonde Bouncy Curls
• New Ways to Wear Wavy Curtain Bangs

“Bob haircuts often require more frequent cuts to keep the hair shaped properly. All of the long hair with layers gives an effortless shape. Cutting shorter pieces allows the medium curly hair texture to dry faster and requires less product. Adding some layers will spruce up your long, naturally curly hair if you want to keep your curly locks but update your style. If you wish to try this style but don’t have natural curls, a perm can help you.

#54: Luscious Curly Thick Locks

When curling each section, hold for a few seconds before gently releasing. Never pull the tong back through the curl, as this can loosen the flawless curves you’ve just created. Simply part your hair down the middle and tie it down to where your shoulders meet your neck. Put your hair into two high space buns, leaving front pieces of hair out of the buns. This hairstyle is perfect to give you a more ‘careless’ look. Styling layers can quickly obtain a casual wet look like this for your hair.

#8: Long Layered Haircut for Highlighted Curls

Ask your stylist to cut a strong angle from both sides to the back, and keep the layers minimal for this style to be created. If you love those separated coils, try not to comb through them before you air dry. You can even twist these separated coils as you style your hair and use a curl-defining product.

#33: Long-Length Haircut with Blonde Bouncy Curls

Add tons of volume to your look by making your half-updo look extra high on your head. Gently tug the side pieces of your style to guide them higher up your head for more volume and drama. Sometimes going for the messy and quick hairstyle leads to the best look! A style like this is truly effortless but still makes your look pulled together.

I Asked an Expert Which Bob Style Would Suit My Curly Hair—They Said These 10

Use Innersense Organic Beauty products to amp up this layered curly hairstyle for women. Their line includes the Hydrating Cream Hairbath, Hydrating Cream Conditioner, Inner Peace Whipped Cream Texturizer, and I Create Hold Gel. An oval face would wear this curl pattern best because it emphasizes length and fullness.

#23: Popular Long Shaggy Wolf Cut

If you’re looking for more of lazy curly long hairstyles you can try this one. All you have to do is put your hair up in a bun and slightly pull your hair to make the bun seem bigger. Last, but not least, leave some intentional curls out to frame your face. If you love bohemian appearances, it’s pretty easy to recreate this look. Choose a brown-red hair dye and leave your roots in their natural black color when applying the hair dye. If you don’t have curly strands, a tight perm for long hair will help you reproduce this look.

Try using a soft hairspray like Pureology’s Soft Finish for touchable results. Create thicker curls by wrapping larger sections of hair around your curling iron, then brush out the curls once they’re cooled. This style is great to try layered haircuts for long curly hair. Meanwhile, wave formers, “give you a more defined wave pattern, and work wonders on most hair types,” he says. We love how Sandra Oh pairs her tightly-coiled waves with equally wavy fringe. Here, bangs are kept loose and curled under to mimic the hair itself.

New Ways to Wear Wavy Curtain Bangs

In my experience, cutting long curled hair is best done when it’s dry to prevent taking too much length off when it’s wet. A side part will give your locks lots of body around your face right where you need it. A high half-updo is a classic look that goes with just about any outfit. Plus, this hairstyle shows off your gorgeous curls while keeping your hair back and out of your face. Create a gorgeous loose waves look with an overnight braid out.

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This Hair Clip Hairstyle for Long, Curly Hair

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Round and pear face shapes go so well with a middle part and long locks by elongating the face. Try this fishtail braid finished with a boho updo on striking blonde curly hair with sun-kissed blonde lowlights. The braids in an updo for curly hair create a more chic and feminine result. This curly blonde hairstyle isn’t complete without hair gems or floral accessories. Try a versatile style with side-parted light brown curls. The light brown color is the perfect in-between color that fits most skin tones.

Twist back the front chunks leaving the remaining hair loose to sway with the wind. Waves quickly became one of the most desired hairdos, and that is thanks to the effect they have. You can style relaxed waves that are ideal for a casual look or a beach party; the choice is yours. Style some bangs and keep them straight, on your forehead, to complete your outfit. Zendaya has incredible, highly textured waves here, but the coloring technique used is also worth noting.

Utilizing the natural hair texture to achieve volume is a great way to prevent damage to the curls from styling. Make sure you use great products and keep frizz down with minimal touching. When styling curly hair, less is more, as too much touching can overwork the curls and make them frizzy. Long curly layers with a center part create a beautiful frame that elongates the face and creates a more oval face shape. Many hairstyles for long layered curly hair can be versatile and worn in different ways depending on the desired outcome. A deep side part can be effective for more volume and dramatic styles, but for more day-to-day easily maintained styles, a middle part works phenomenally.

For chimpanzees, salt and pepper hair not a marker of old age

Table Of Content

• Human immunodeficiency virus
• Hairless Hamster
• Language
• Hunting
• Hairless Parrot

Analyses of walking energetics and biomechanics have showed that bipedalism in early, ape-like hominins could have been less costly than quadrupedal knuckle-walking (Sockol et al. 2007). Provisioning must be critical for upright walking (Lovejoy 1981). A brief and limited survey of reports in the literature shows varied hypotheses or ideas, but none is conclusive. Chimpanzees are very active animals that need a lot of exercise. In the wild, they frequently climb trees and swing from limbs, so they need structures in captivity that mimic trees.

Human immunodeficiency virus

They live in social groups, communicate with each other using vocalizations and gestures, and have been observed using tools to gather food. Hairless chimpanzees are a fascinating sub-species that continue to capture the curiosity of scientists and the public alike. While there is still much we don’t know about them, studying hairless chimpanzees can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that influence the evolution of all primates.

Hairless Hamster

Chimpanzees are our closest relatives, sharing 98.6 percent of our DNA. Tools are primarily used to obtain food, but they are also used as weapons and in games such as tug of war or catch. Tool use is not instinctive, but rather learned through observation. Others split the ends of sticks to increase the catch of insects per dip. Chimps, like humans, communicate using a wide variety of facial expressions, gestures, and vocalizations.

Language

Hairless chimpanzees are a rare and fascinating group of primates, but they face significant conservation challenges in the wild. Habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching and illegal wildlife trade, and disease outbreaks threaten their survival. It is up to us as a society to do all we can to protect and conserve these incredible creatures for future generations. The researchers gathered photos of two subspecies of wild and captive chimpanzees from their collaborators in the field to test this observation. They visually examined photos of the primates, evaluated how much visible gray hair they had and rated them accordingly.

Growing hair is one of the defining traits that makes a mammal a mammal—yes, even dolphins and whales have some hair—but some still experience hair-related woes at some point in their lives. This study was partly supported by a grant to SS from Shujitsu University. The author is grateful to the late Dr Susumu Ohno, who taught him that the most important thing for scientists is to put forward a new concept. Thanks are due to Dr Hikoya Hayatsu, Professor Emeritus of Okayama University and Dr Hiraku Takebe, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University, for their critical reading of this manuscript. Hundreds took to the zoo's Facebook page to offer their condolences. Twycross Zoo said it was "displaying" rather than fighting and was perfectly normal behaviour for chimpanzees.

Within these family groups there are usually about 6 to 10 individuals. An entire chimp community can sometimes have as many as 100 members, made up of many different family groups. One experienced adult male chimp can be the leader of the troop, although in other troops leadership is shared among several males. There are also hairless dog breeds, such as the Chinese Crested Dog and the Mexican Hairless Dog (Xoloitzcuintli). These breeds possess a genetic trait that leads to a lack of fur or a very short coat.

You might even have to separate your chimp from visitors to your home if your chimp shows signs of aggression, such as attempting to bite them. Thus, it's important to exercise caution when interacting with your chimp and monitor the situation closely if you allow other people to visit with your animal. It's also not recommended to allow chimps to interact with any other pets in the household, as they can potentially injure one another. Furthermore, if left with nothing to do, a chimp will quickly get bored and can cause serious damage to your home. Adult chimpanzees are much stronger than even large adult humans, and they can become aggressive. There are more populations of chimpanzees throughout the U.S. that raise the concern of experts, and who are expected to need emergency placement soon.

Hairless Parrot

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Despite these challenges, efforts are underway to protect and conserve hairless chimpanzees in the wild. For example, conservation organizations are working to protect and restore habitat for chimpanzees, including hairless individuals, and to reduce human-wildlife conflict in areas where chimpanzees live. Additionally, anti-poaching measures and law enforcement efforts are being increased to combat the illegal wildlife trade.

The team wanted  to see whether social hair-pulling—a behavior commonly employed by the primates—was the underlying cause of these temporary bald spots. They aren’t entirely sure why the monkeys pull hair, but they found the behavior didn’t always correlate with social rank or adhere to any particular spot in the hierarchy. “A lot of it can be cured,” says Tim Nuttall, a senior lecturer in small animal veterinary dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, of animal baldness. Human head hair, like chimp fur, lions' manes and back hair, will only grow to a specific, individually determined length, says Today I Found Out. That length is determined, in part, by the length of your hair's anagen, or growth, phase.

Additionally, this research has important social and conservation implications that could help protect this rare and vulnerable sub-species for future generations. Scientists still do not know much about hairless chimpanzees, but there are a few theories about what causes their hairlessness. One theory suggests that it is a genetic mutation that arose naturally in the wild. Another theory suggests that hairlessness could be caused by a virus or other infectious agent, similar to how some human conditions result in hair loss. Ramidus woman who lived in the Afar Rift region of northern Ethiopia 4.4 Mya (White et al. 2009b). She was found with most of her skull, pelvis, teeth, hands, feet, and other parts along with many other A.

Unlike other primates such as monkeys and baboons, chimps and other apes don’t have a tail. But chimpanzees do have large ears that stick out a bit, which helps them hear other chimps in a dense forest. Like humans, chimps have opposable thumbs to help them grasp branches or grab a bite to eat, as well as fingernails and toenails. Fortunately, in other species, it probably doesn't lead to midlife crises or poorly executed comb-overs. The chimpanzee (/tʃɪmpænˈzi/; Pan troglodytes), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa.

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Chimpanzees and humans share many similarities, including genetics, behavior, and physiology. The length of fur and mane is determined individually, just as the length of human head hair during its growth phase. Chimpanzees use tools to get their food, which includes seeds, fruit, leaves, bark, honey, insects, and sometimes hunting other wildlife for meat. They have thick skin on their feet and palms, which helps them grip trees and navigate uneven surfaces.

In this context, it is of interest to learn that 2- to 3-year-old human children understand collaboration and sharing, whereas chimpanzees do not (Hamann et al. 2011). The origin of bipedality has remained a matter of interest for over a century. Many hypotheses and ideas have been put forward to explain bipedalism. Use of tools compelled hominins to stand upright (Washburn 1960). Upright posture and bipedal gait were useful for vigilance against predators (Day 1986).

Chimps live and travel in troops of individuals led by a dominant male. Challenges to the dominant male are common and the group leader typically changes every 3 to 5 years. Chimps live in a “fission-fusion” society, breaking into smaller temporary subgroups (fission) during the day. Smaller groups have a better opportunity to find sufficient food. At the Zoo, chimps practice their own fission-fusion breaking into subgroups during the day to either lounge in the penthouse or head out into the main habitat to enjoy the waterfall.

However, chimpanzees also hunt other wildlife, like monkeys or small antelope, for meat. Feeding is usually an individual activity, but sometimes chimps look for food together. Darwin (1859) alluded to the relationship between the hair and teeth in the naked Turkish dog and wrote that ‘it can be only slightly accidental’. Indeed, Mexican and Peruvian hairless dogs and Chinese crested dogs are characterized by missing hair and teeth, a phenotype called canine ectodermal dysplasia (CED). In fact, CED is inherited as a monogenic autosomal semidominant trait. A frameshift mutation in a member of the forkhead box transcription factor family (FOXI3) gene on the chromosome 17 was identified as the responsible gene for CED (Drögemüller et al. 2008).

You also can keep them in a room in your house for short spells when you can't watch them. Plus, glass windows should be protected by bars to prevent a strong chimp from shattering them. Severely underweight and malnourished, various animal welfare partners in Houston worked intensively on Henry’s recovery.

Should You Keep a Chimpanzee as a Pet?

Table Of Content

• Social Status and Hierarchies
• Join Our Community
• Not gradual modifications but sudden humanization from CLCA
• ·         The Behavior of Hairless Chimpanzees
• Chimpanzee Behavior and Temperament

Social grooming is essential for chimps to maintain friendships within their groups. When scared, chimps display anxious smiles or throw branches or rocks. The same sequence is preserved in humans but is inactivated; it is a pseudogene. Pseudogenes have been considered “genomic fossils” or “junk DNA” so far; however, though they are not fully functional, they are now regarded as performing other, perhaps regulatory, functions. According to Neufeld and Conroy [1], the gene inactivation that led to ΦhHaA was responsible for the inordinate growth of hair and beards. Apart from breeding specifically for a lack of hair, baldness can be caused when breeders attempt to create dogs with particular colors, like grey Labradors.

Social Status and Hierarchies

These diseases often arise from a poor diet and might present with lethargy or a lack of appetite. As pets, chimps are active, strong, noisy, and extremely hands-on. They will generally form bonds with their human family members, especially if you acquire them at a young age.

Join Our Community

Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range. The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Chimpanzees appear in Western popular culture as stereotyped clown-figures and have featured in entertainments such as chimpanzees' tea parties, circus acts and stage shows. Although many chimpanzees have been kept as pets, their strength, aggressiveness, and unpredictability makes them dangerous in this role. Some hundreds have been kept in laboratories for research, especially in the United States.

Not gradual modifications but sudden humanization from CLCA

She was probably omnivorous and ate nuts, insects, snails, and small animals found among the trees and on the ground, and did not feed much in the open grassland. Importantly, she was apparently a biped, showing that our ancestors walked upright before they evolved a larger brain. She had no characteristics of the suspension, vertical climbing, and knuckle-walking that present great apes have (Lovejoy et al. 2009).

"But very little work done on an evolutionary framework for why is this something that seems to be so prevalent in humans." Chimpanzees live in forests and grasslands in east, central, and west Africa ranging from Senegal to Tanzania. The duo recruited 29 student volunteers and drew a rectangle of Vaseline on both their forearms, after first shaving one of them. While the volunteers looked away, Dean and Siva-Jothy placed a bedbug within the rectangles. They waited until the bug started to extend its bloodsucking snout before plucking it off. With vellus hair, the bedbugs took between 22 and 26 seconds to find a good place.

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Having appendages of that gigantic length was so deleterious a mutation to induce them to take the supreme decision of descending into the inhospitable savanna. From monkeys and apes to guinea pigs and dogs, these animals go nude. On the contrary, small canines and monomorphic bodies must have been selected. The original monogamous family system seems to have been transferred to the descendant hominins. Afarensis, a plausible Homo ancestor, was clearly bipedal (Lovejoy 1988) and was likely to be principally monogamous, as we are (Reno et al. 2003). Hairless chimpanzees are not only scientifically fascinating, but they also have social implications.

Hairless chimpanzees, also known as “naked” or “bald” chimpanzees, have fascinated researchers for years due to their unusual biology. In this article, we will explore the fascinating biology of hairless chimpanzees, including their genetics, behavior, and potential benefits of being hairless. The study of hairless chimpanzees can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that influence the evolution of all primates. For example, studying the genetic basis of hairlessness in chimpanzees could shed light on the genetic basis of hair loss in humans.

Researchers are studying the health of hairless chimpanzees and working to understand the risks of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. They are also working to develop and implement vaccination programs to protect chimpanzees from potentially deadly diseases. Hairlessness in chimpanzees is a genetic trait inherited through a recessive gene. This means that both parents must carry the gene for hairlessness for it to be expressed in their offspring. Hairlessness is a relatively rare trait in chimpanzees, with only a few documented cases in the wild and captivity.

Bipedal earlier hominins

Hairless chimpanzees are a fascinating example of the diversity of life on Earth. Despite their unique appearance, they share many similarities with their furry counterparts regarding behavior and genetics. While hairlessness may seem like a disadvantage, there are potential benefits to this trait that may have helped these rare individuals survive in their environments. As researchers continue to study hairless chimpanzees, we may better understand the genetic and environmental factors contributing to this unusual biology. Chimpanzees are one of the closest living relatives of humans, sharing over 98% of our DNA. While most chimpanzees have fur covering their bodies, there are some rare cases where individuals lack hair, resulting in a unique appearance.

Humans and chimpanzees are very similar—genetically, behaviorally, physiologically. Underneath their fur, chimpanzees look sort of like human grandpas (only really, really buff). Common involvement of a single gene in the formation of human teeth, hair follicles, sweat glands, and breasts is a legacy of the evolutionary history that these organs share.

Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur? Science - Smithsonian Magazine

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Posted: Tue, 11 Dec 2018 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Most importantly, body hair is indispensable for primates to carry babies (Fig. 1A–D). Thus, all hairless primates except for hominins, if so-born, must have been selected against, and all primates excepting humans are hairy now even in hot areas. Consequently, human ancestors with a hairless mutation had the negatively synergistic burdens of disadvantageous bipedalism and hairlessness. They must not be easily allowed to access fertile areas and be forced to live difficult lives under adverse conditions.

As these 15 photos of animals without fur show, this condition can affect our animal friends, too. Fanciers of hairless pets, however, may already know that the “skinny pig” is a bald version of the fluffy-coated popular pet, the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus (well, nearly bald—it has some fluff on its nose and feet). Skinnies are likely a descendent of the IAF hairless guinea pig, first identified in 1978 at Montreal’s Institut Armand-Frappier.

Pet chimps have mauled humans—even people they know and seemingly care about. Omnivores, chimps prefer fruit augmented by leaves, flowers, insects, reptiles, and birds. Chimps are excellent hunters and will go out in “hunting parties,” with the meat from monkeys and other small mammals used as currency to gain allies and access to breeding females.